Difference between revisions of "Callisto"

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{{unreferenced|date=July 2006}}
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{{Nsat-Stub}}
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Additional parameters for this template are available at [[Template:Infobox Planet]].
 
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{{Infobox Planet
 
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| name              = Callisto
 
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| image              = [[image:Callisto.jpg|250px|Callisto]]
 
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| caption            = Click image for description
 
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| bgcolour          = #a0ffa0
 
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| discovery          = yes
 
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| discoverer        = [[Galileo Galilei|G. Galilei]]<br/>[[Simon Marius|S. Marius]]
 
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| discovered        = [[January 7]], [[1610]]
 
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| mean_orbit_radius  = 1.8827{{e|6}} [[Kilometer|km]] (0.012585 [[Astronomical unit|AU]])
 
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| eccentricity      = 0.0074
 
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| periapsis          = 1,869,000 km (0.0125 AU)
 
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| apoapsis          = 1,897,000 km (0.0127 AU)
 
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| period            = 16.6890184 d (0.04569 [[Year|a]])
 
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| orbital_circ      = 11,829,000 km (0.079 AU)
 
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| max_speed          = 8.265 km/s
 
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| avg_speed          = 8.204 km/s
 
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| min_speed          = 8.143 km/s
 
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| inclination        = 2.02° (to the [[ecliptic]])<br/>0.21° (to Jupiter's equator)
 
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| satellite_of      = [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]]
 
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| physical_characteristics = yes
 
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| mean_radius        = 2410.3 km (0.378 Earths)
 
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| surface_area      = [[1 E13 m²|7.30{{e|7}}]] [[Square kilometre|km²]] (0.143 earths) <ref name=surfacearea>Using the mean radius</ref>
 
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| volume            = 1 E19 m3|5.9{{e|10}} [[Cubic kilometer|km³]] (0.0541 Earths)
 
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| mass              = 1.0759{{e|23}} [[Kilogram|kg]] (0.018 Earths)
 
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| density            = 1.834 g/cm³
 
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| surface_grav      = 1.235 [[Acceleration|m/s<sup>2</sup>]] (0.126 ''[[Acceleration due to gravity|g]]'')
 
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| escape_velocity    = 2.440 km/s
 
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| rotation          = [[Synchronous rotation|synchronous]]
 
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| axial_tilt        = zero
 
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| albedo            = 0.17
 
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| magnitude          = 5.7
 
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| single_temperature = ~120 K
 
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| atmosphere        = yes
 
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| surface_pressure  = trace
 
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| atmosphere_composition = 100% [[Carbon dioxide]]
 
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}}
 
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'''Callisto''' ''(kə-lis'-toe,'' {{IPA2|kəˈlɪstoʊ}}; Greek ''Καλλιστώ)'' is a [[natural satellite|moon]] of the [[planet]] [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]], discovered in [[1610]] by [[Galileo Galilei]]. It is the third-largest moon in the [[solar system]], about 99% the size of the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] but much less massive.
 
  
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==Name==
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{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin:25px 0 0 10px; border:3px solid lightsteelblue;width:250px; font-size:90%; font-family:'Arial','Helvetica'; float: right; clear: right;"Template in Orbiter"
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Callisto is named after [[Callisto (mythology)|Callisto]], one of [[Zeus|Zeus's]] many love interests in [[Greek mythology]].
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!bgcolor="lightsteelblue" colspan="2" align="center" |Callisto
 +
|-
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|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Image:Callisto.jpg|240px]]
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|-
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|colspan="2" align="center"|'''Callisto in Orbiter 2016 with D3D9 client'''
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|-
 +
!bgcolor="lightsteelblue" colspan="2"|Designation
 +
|-
 +
|Name||align="right"|Callisto
 +
|-
 +
|width="30%"|Reference body||align="right" width="30%"|Jupiter
 +
|-
 +
!bgcolor="lightsteelblue" colspan="2"|Planetary mean orbits
 +
|-
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|width="30%"|Epoch||align="right" width="50%"|1979.12391832712 (14 February 1979 061605 UTC)
 +
|-
 +
|width="30%"|Semimajor axis (a)||align="right" width="50%"|1882672300.0498 m
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|-
 +
|width="30%"|Eccentricity (e)||align="right" width="30%"|0.00749408660030182
 +
|-
 +
|width="30%"|Inclination (i)||align="right" width="30%"|2.042629678° <br> (0.0361742120612421 radian)
 +
|-
 +
|width="30%"|Longitude of the ascending node (LAN, ☊)||align="right" width="30%"|339.4829654° <br> (5.92509550057735 radian)
 +
|-
 +
|width="30%"|Longitude of periapsis (ϖ)||align="right" width="30%"|698.8083584° <br> (12.19650669467 radian)
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|-
 +
|width="30%"|Mean longitude (L)||align="right" width="30%"|839.9757519° <br> (14.6603425078708 radian)
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|-
 +
!bgcolor="lightsteelblue" colspan="2"|Selected physical parameters
 +
|-
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|width="30%"|Mean radius||align="right" width="30%"|2403000 m
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|-
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|width="30%"|Mass||align="right" width="30%"|1.08×10<sup>23</sup> kg
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|-
 +
!bgcolor="lightsteelblue" colspan="2"|Rotation elements
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|-
 +
|width="30%"|SidRotPeriod||align="right" width="30%"|1442016 seconds (16.69 hours)
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|-
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|width="30%"|SidRotOffset||align="right" width="30%"|0
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|-
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|width="30%"|Obliqutiy||align="right" width="30%"|0
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|-
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|width="30%"|LAN||align="right" width="30%"|0
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|-
 +
|width="30%"|Note||align="right" width="30%"|*Elements given are from Callisto.cfg (Voyager1Jupiter.zip)
 +
|}
  
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Although the name "Callisto" was suggested by [[Simon Marius]] soon after the moon's discovery, this name and the names of the other [[Galilean moons|Galilean satellites]] fell into disfavour for a considerable time, and were not revived in common use until the mid-[[20th century]]. In much of the earlier astronomical literature, Callisto is simply referred to by its Roman numeral designation, '''Jupiter IV''' or as "the fourth satellite of Jupiter".
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'''Callisto''' is the outermost of [[Jupiter|Jupiter's]] four [[Galilean Moons]], and has been a part of [[Orbiter]] since it was added in Orbiter 2002. Callisto is the second largest moon of Jupiter just behind [[Ganymede]], and is the third largest moon after Ganymede and [[Titan]]. And Callisto is just about the same size as the planet [[Mercury]]. Callisto was discovered independently by [[w:Simon Marius]] and [[w:Galileo Galilei]] in 1610, Marius having seen it slightly before Galileo, and the name given by Marius is the one that we use today.
  
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In scientific writing, the [[adjective|adjectival form]] of the name is usually ''Callistoan''.
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== Callisto in Orbiter ==
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Callisto joined Orbiter with the release of Orbiter 2002. At that time its orbit was governed by the Callisto.cfg file, then governed by Vsop87.dll file at the release of Orbiter 2005.  
  
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==Physical characteristics==
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The orbit of Callisto is not locked into an orbital resonance with [[Io]], [[Europa]], and [[Ganymede]], which are in a 1:2:4 resonance. It revolves about 1.88×10<sup>6</sup> kilometers from Jupiter, eccentricity of 0.0074, and an inclination of about 0.25°. The moon has a mass of 1.08×10<sup>23</sup> kilograms and a radius of about 2.4×10<sup>6</sup> km.
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[[Image:PIA01478 Interior of Callisto.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Interior of Callisto]]
 
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===Internal Structure===
 
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Callisto's battered surface lies on top of an icy layer that is about 150 kilometers thick. A salty [[ocean]] in excess of 10 kilometers thick may lay beneath the crust. Its presence is indicated by studies of the [[magnetic field]]s around Jupiter and its moons. It was found that the Callistoan magnetic field varies (flows in various directions at different times) in response to the background magnetic field generated by Jupiter; this suggests a layer of highly conductive fluid within the moon.  
 
  
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Beneath the ocean, Callisto seems to have a strange interior that is not entirely uniform but does not vary dramatically. ''[[Galileo spacecraft|Galileo]]'' orbiter data suggest that the interior is composed of compressed rock and ice, with the amount of rock increasing with depth due to partial settling of its constituents. Callisto has the lowest density of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter, only 1.86 g/cm³, and is about 40% ice and 60% [[Rock (geology)|rock]]/[[iron]].  
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Orbiter versions and add-ons for Callisto.
 +
{|class="wikitable sortable” style="text-align: center"
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|-
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|colspan="8"|<center>'''Orbiter versions and add-ons which include Callisto'''</center>
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|-
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!Add-on!!Source!!Version!!Author!!Type!!Release Date!!Compatibility!!Wiki article
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|-
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|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/orbiter-2016-torrent-files.5427/ Orbiter 2016 - torrent files]||O-F Resources||2016||martins||Orbiter Download||23 August 2016||Orbiter 2016||
 +
|-
 +
|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/orbiter-2016-core-msi-exe-edition.5426/ Orbiter 2016 Core - MSI / EXE edition]||O-F Resources||2016||martins||Orbiter Download||23 August 2016||Orbiter 2016||
 +
|-
 +
|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/orbiter-2016-core-zip-edition.5425/ Orbiter 2016 Core - ZIP edition]||O-F Resources||2016||martins||Orbiter download||23 August 2016||Orbiter 2016||
 +
|-
 +
|[http://orbit.medphys.ucl.ac.uk/download.html Orbiter core package download]<br>(The actual download page for Orbiter 2016)||Orbiter download page||Orbiter 2016||martins||Orbiter download||23 August 2016||Orbiter 2016||
 +
|-
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|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/celestial-bodies-motion-part-1-4-v2-0-0.132/ Celestial Bodies Motion - Part 1/4 - v2.0.0]||O-F Resources||v2.0.0||cristiapi||Scenery||2 July 2015||*module only||
 +
|-
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|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/orbiter-2010-p1.5428/ Orbiter 2010-P1]||O-F Resources||100830||martins||Orbiter Download||30 August 2010||Orbiter 2010-P1||
 +
|-
 +
|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/orbiter-2010.5429/ Orbiter 2010]||O-F Resources||100606||martins||Orbiter Download||5 June 2010||Orbiter 2010||
 +
|-
 +
|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/orbiter-2006-p1.5430/ Orbiter 2006-P1]||O-F Resources||060929||martins||Orbiter Download||29 September 2006||Orbiter 2006-P1||
 +
|-
 +
|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/orbiter-2006.5431/ Orbiter 2006]||O-F Resources||060504||martins||Orbiter Download||4 May 2006||Orbiter 2006||
 +
|-
 +
|[https://library.avsim.net/esearch.php?DLID=&Name=&FileName=outerplanets-050329_update.zip&Author=&CatID=root The Outer Planets 050329 Update]||AVSIM||050329||Rolf Keibel<br>Tony Dunn<br>Carl Romanik||Scenery||30 March 2005||||
 +
|-
 +
|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/the-outer-planets-050223-update.2483/ The Outer Planets 050223 Update]||O-F Resources||2005-02-23||VF2_Rolf||Scenery||23 February 2005||||
 +
|-
 +
|[https://library.avsim.net/esearch.php?DLID=&Name=&FileName=outerplanets-050125.zip&Author=&CatID=root The Outer Planets 050125]||AVSIM||050125||Rolf Keibel<br>Tony Dunn||Scenery||26 January 2005||Orbiter 2005-P1||
 +
|-
 +
|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/2005-with-p1-patch-files.5432/ 2005 (with P1 patch files)]||O-F Resources||050216||martins||Orbiter Download||16 February 2005||Orbiter 2005||
 +
|-
 +
|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/voyager-to-jupiter-jupiter-moons-enhancement-pac.4947/ Voyager to Jupiter / Jupiter moons enhancement pac]||O-F Resources||2004-08-29||BigJimW||Scenery||30 August 2004||||
 +
|-
 +
|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/orbiter-2003-p2.5433/ Orbiter 2003-P2]||O-F Resources||031217||martins||Orbiter Download||17 December 2003||Orbiter 2003-P2||
 +
|-
 +
|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/orbiter-2003-p1.5434/ Orbiter 2003-P1]||O-F Resources||031105||martins||Orbiter Download||5 November 2003||Orbiter 2003-P1||
 +
|-
 +
|[https://www.orbiter-forum.com/resources/orbiter-2002.5436/ Orbiter 2002]||O-F Resources||020419||martins||Orbiter Download||19 April 2002||Orbiter 2002||
 +
|}
  
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[[Image:Callisto_terrain.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Closeup of terrain within the impact basin [[Asgard (crater)|Asgard]]; craters and mysterious icy bumps are visible.]]
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<gallery widths="100" heights="100">
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CallistoOrbiter2002.jpg|<center>Callisto in Orbiter 2002</center>
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Callisto-orbiter2002p3.jpg|<center>Callisto in Orbiter 2002P3</center>
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Callisto-Orbiter2003P2.jpg|<center>Callisto in Orbiter 2003P2</center>
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Callisto-Voyager1Jupiterzip-Orbiter2003P2.jpg|<center>Callisto from ''Voyager1Jupiter.zip'' in Orbiter 2003P2</center>
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Callisto-Orbiter2005P1.jpg|<center>Callisto in Orbiter 2005P1</center>
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Callisto-outerplanets050125zip-Orbiter2005P1.jpg|<center>Callisto from ''outerplanets050125.zip'' in Orbiter2005P1</center>
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Callisto-Orbiter2006P1.jpg|<center>Callisto in Orbiter 2006P1</center>
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Callisto-Orbiter2010P1-Orbiter2010P1.jpg|<center>Callisto in Orbiter 2010P1</center>
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Callisto.jpg|<center>Callisto in Orbiter 2016 with D3D9</center>
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Callisto - July 8 1979 (38926064465).jpg|<center>Callisto as seen by [[w:Voyager 2|Voyager 2]]<br>from Wikimedia Commons</center>
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</gallery>
  
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===Surface Features===
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{{JupiterSat}}
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Callisto is one of the most heavily cratered moons in the solar system. In fact, impact craters and associated concentric rings are about the only features to be found; there are no large callistoan mountains. This is probably due to the icy nature of its surface, with the largest craters and mountains being erased by the flow of the icy crust over geological time. Two enormous concentric ring impact basins are found on Callisto; [[Valhalla (crater)|Valhalla]] is the largest with a bright central region that is 600 kilometers in diameter and rings extending to 3000 kilometers in diameter, and the second-largest impact basin is [[Asgard (crater)|Asgard]] measuring about 1600 kilometers in diameter. Another interesting feature is [[Gipul Catena]], a long series of impact craters lined up in a straight line across Callisto's surface. This was probably caused by an object that was tidally disrupted as it passed close to Jupiter (much like [[Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9]]) before it impacted. Callisto's crust is thought to be approximately 4 billion years old, dating back almost to the formation of the [[solar system]].
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{{SolarSystem}}
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Unlike neighbouring [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] with its tectonic grooved terrain, there is little evidence of [[plate tectonics|tectonic]] activity on Callisto. While Callisto is very similar in bulk properties to Ganymede, it apparently has a much simpler geological history. The different geologic histories of the two has been an important problem for planetary scientists. "Simple" Callisto is a good reference for comparison with other more complex worlds.
 
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===Atmosphere===
 
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Callisto has a very tenuous atmosphere composed of [[carbon dioxide]]<ref name=calliatm>"[http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/99/calliatm.html Galileo spacecraft finds thin atmosphere on Callisto]". Retrieved December 14, 2006.</ref>. Because such a thin atmosphere can easily be lost in a variety of ways ''(see [[atmospheric escape]])'', scientists believe that it is constantly replenished, possibly by slow sublimation of carbon dioxide ice from the satellite's icy crust.
 
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== See also ==
 
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* [[List of craters on Callisto]]
 
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* [[List of geological features on Callisto]]
 
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* The [[asteroid]] [[204 Kallisto]]
 
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* [[Colonization_of_the_outer_solar_system#Callisto|Colonization of Callisto]]
 
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==In fiction==
 
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: ''See [[Jupiter's moons in fiction#Callisto|Callisto in fiction]].''
 
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==Notes and references==
 
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[[Category:Articles]]
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[[Category:Celestial bodies]]
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[[Category:Solar System]]
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<center>''... | [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] | '''Callisto''' | [[Themisto (moon)|Themisto]] | ...''</center>
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[[Category:Natural satellites]]
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[[Category:Satellites of Jupiter]]
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<br/>{{Moons of Jupiter}}
 
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{{Natural satellites of the Solar System (compact)}}
 
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[[Category:Jupiter's moons]]
 
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[[als:Kallisto (Mond)]]
 
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[[frp:Calisto (satèlite)]]
 
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[[bs:Kalisto (mjesec)]]
 
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[[br:Kallisto (loarenn)]]
 
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[[bg:Калисто (спътник)]]
 
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[[ko:칼리스토 (위성)]]
 
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[[he:קליסטו (ירח)]]
 
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[[ka:კალისტო (თანამგზავრი)]]
 
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[[lt:Kalista (palydovas)]]
 
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[[ru:Каллисто (спутник Юпитера)]]
 
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{{JupiterSat}}
 
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{{Nsat-Stub}}
 

Latest revision as of 03:16, 12 November 2024

Europa.jpg This natural satellite related article is a stub. You can help Orbiterwiki by expanding it.


Callisto
Callisto.jpg
Callisto in Orbiter 2016 with D3D9 client
Designation
Name Callisto
Reference body Jupiter
Planetary mean orbits
Epoch 1979.12391832712 (14 February 1979 061605 UTC)
Semimajor axis (a) 1882672300.0498 m
Eccentricity (e) 0.00749408660030182
Inclination (i) 2.042629678°
(0.0361742120612421 radian)
Longitude of the ascending node (LAN, ☊) 339.4829654°
(5.92509550057735 radian)
Longitude of periapsis (ϖ) 698.8083584°
(12.19650669467 radian)
Mean longitude (L) 839.9757519°
(14.6603425078708 radian)
Selected physical parameters
Mean radius 2403000 m
Mass 1.08×1023 kg
Rotation elements
SidRotPeriod 1442016 seconds (16.69 hours)
SidRotOffset 0
Obliqutiy 0
LAN 0
Note *Elements given are from Callisto.cfg (Voyager1Jupiter.zip)

Callisto is the outermost of Jupiter's four Galilean Moons, and has been a part of Orbiter since it was added in Orbiter 2002. Callisto is the second largest moon of Jupiter just behind Ganymede, and is the third largest moon after Ganymede and Titan. And Callisto is just about the same size as the planet Mercury. Callisto was discovered independently by w:Simon Marius and w:Galileo Galilei in 1610, Marius having seen it slightly before Galileo, and the name given by Marius is the one that we use today.

Callisto in Orbiter[edit]

Callisto joined Orbiter with the release of Orbiter 2002. At that time its orbit was governed by the Callisto.cfg file, then governed by Vsop87.dll file at the release of Orbiter 2005.

The orbit of Callisto is not locked into an orbital resonance with Io, Europa, and Ganymede, which are in a 1:2:4 resonance. It revolves about 1.88×106 kilometers from Jupiter, eccentricity of 0.0074, and an inclination of about 0.25°. The moon has a mass of 1.08×1023 kilograms and a radius of about 2.4×106 km.

Orbiter versions and add-ons for Callisto.

Orbiter versions and add-ons which include Callisto
Add-on Source Version Author Type Release Date Compatibility Wiki article
Orbiter 2016 - torrent files O-F Resources 2016 martins Orbiter Download 23 August 2016 Orbiter 2016
Orbiter 2016 Core - MSI / EXE edition O-F Resources 2016 martins Orbiter Download 23 August 2016 Orbiter 2016
Orbiter 2016 Core - ZIP edition O-F Resources 2016 martins Orbiter download 23 August 2016 Orbiter 2016
Orbiter core package download
(The actual download page for Orbiter 2016)		 Orbiter download page Orbiter 2016 martins Orbiter download 23 August 2016 Orbiter 2016
Celestial Bodies Motion - Part 1/4 - v2.0.0 O-F Resources v2.0.0 cristiapi Scenery 2 July 2015 *module only
Orbiter 2010-P1 O-F Resources 100830 martins Orbiter Download 30 August 2010 Orbiter 2010-P1
Orbiter 2010 O-F Resources 100606 martins Orbiter Download 5 June 2010 Orbiter 2010
Orbiter 2006-P1 O-F Resources 060929 martins Orbiter Download 29 September 2006 Orbiter 2006-P1
Orbiter 2006 O-F Resources 060504 martins Orbiter Download 4 May 2006 Orbiter 2006
The Outer Planets 050329 Update AVSIM 050329 Rolf Keibel
Tony Dunn
Carl Romanik		 Scenery 30 March 2005
The Outer Planets 050223 Update O-F Resources 2005-02-23 VF2_Rolf Scenery 23 February 2005
The Outer Planets 050125 AVSIM 050125 Rolf Keibel
Tony Dunn		 Scenery 26 January 2005 Orbiter 2005-P1
2005 (with P1 patch files) O-F Resources 050216 martins Orbiter Download 16 February 2005 Orbiter 2005
Voyager to Jupiter / Jupiter moons enhancement pac O-F Resources 2004-08-29 BigJimW Scenery 30 August 2004
Orbiter 2003-P2 O-F Resources 031217 martins Orbiter Download 17 December 2003 Orbiter 2003-P2
Orbiter 2003-P1 O-F Resources 031105 martins Orbiter Download 5 November 2003 Orbiter 2003-P1
Orbiter 2002 O-F Resources 020419 martins Orbiter Download 19 April 2002 Orbiter 2002
  • Callisto in Orbiter 2002
  • Callisto in Orbiter 2002P3
  • Callisto in Orbiter 2003P2
  • Callisto from Voyager1Jupiter.zip in Orbiter 2003P2
  • Callisto in Orbiter 2005P1
  • Callisto from outerplanets050125.zip in Orbiter2005P1
  • Callisto in Orbiter 2006P1
  • Callisto in Orbiter 2010P1
  • Callisto in Orbiter 2016 with D3D9
  • Callisto as seen by Voyager 2
    from Wikimedia Commons
Jupiter's natural satellites

edit

Named Satellites:

Adrastea | Aitne | Amalthea | Ananke | Aoede | Arche | Autonoe | Callirrhoe | Callisto | Carme | Carpo | Chaldene | Cyllene | Dia | Eirene | Elara | Erinome | Ersa | Euanthe | Eukelade | Eupheme | Euporie | Europa | Eurydome | Ganymede | Harpalyke | Hegemone | Helike | Hermippe | Herse | Himalia | Io | Iocaste | Isonoe | Kale | Kallichore | Kalyke | Kore | Leda | Lysithea | Megaclite | Metis | Mneme | Orthosie | Pandia | Pasiphae | Pasithee | Philophrosyne | Praxidike | Sinope | Sponde | Taygete | Thebe | Thelxinoe | Themisto | Thyone | Valetudo

Numbered Satellites:

S/2003 J 2 | S/2003 J 4 | S/2003 J 9 | S/2003 J 10 | S/2003 J 12 | S/2003 J 16 | S/2003 J 18 | S/2003 J 19 | S/2003 J 23 | S/2003 J 24 |S/2010 J 1 | S/2010 J 2 | S/2011 J 1 | S/2011 J 2 S/2011 J 3 | S/2016 J 1 | S/2016 J 3 | S/2016 J 4 | S/2017 J 1 | S/2017 J 2 | S/2017 J 3 | S/2017 J 5 | S/2017 J 6 | S/2017 J 7 | S/2017 J 8 | S/2017 J 9 | S/2018 J 2 |S/2018 J 3 | S/2018 J 4 | S/2021 J 1 S/2021 J 2 | S/2021 J 3 | S/2021 J 4 | S/2021 J 5 | S/2021 J 6 | S/2022 J 1 | S/2022 J 2 | S/2022 J 3

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