Difference between revisions of "low Earth orbit"
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| − | A '''low Earth orbit''' (LEO) is a circular [[orbit]] around Earth between the atmosphere and the [[Van Allen radiation belt]], with a low angle of inclination. These boundaries are not firmly defined, but are typically around 350 - 1400 km above the [[Earth|Earth's]] surface, with inclination angles less than 60 degrees from the equator. This is generally below [[intermediate circular orbit]] (ICO) and far below [[geostationary orbit]]. Orbits lower than this are not stable, and will decay rapidly because of atmospheric drag. Orbits higher than this are subject to early electronic failure because of intense radiation and charge accumulation. Orbits with a higher inclination angle are usually called [[polar orbit]]s. | + | A '''low Earth orbit''' ('''LEO''') is a circular [[orbit]] around [[Earth]] between the atmosphere and the [[Van Allen radiation belt]], with a low angle of inclination. These boundaries are not firmly defined, but are typically around 350 - 1400 km above the [[Earth|Earth's]] surface, with inclination angles less than 60 degrees from the equator. This is generally below [[intermediate circular orbit]] (ICO) and far below [[geostationary orbit]]. Orbits lower than this are not stable, and will decay rapidly because of atmospheric drag. Orbits higher than this are subject to early electronic failure because of intense radiation and charge accumulation. Orbits with a higher inclination angle are usually called [[polar orbit]]s. |
Objects in low earth orbit encounter atmospheric gases in the [[thermosphere]] (approximately 80-500 km up) or [[exosphere]] (approximately 500 km and up), depending on orbit height. | Objects in low earth orbit encounter atmospheric gases in the [[thermosphere]] (approximately 80-500 km up) or [[exosphere]] (approximately 500 km and up), depending on orbit height. | ||
| − | Most [[manned spaceflight]]s have been in LEO, including all [[Space Shuttle]] and various [[space station]] missions; the only exceptions have been suborbital test flights such as the early [[Project Mercury]] missions (which did not reach LEO), and the [[Project Apollo]] missions to the Moon (which went beyond LEO). | + | Most [[manned spaceflight]]s have been in '''LEO''', including all [[Space Shuttle]] and various [[space station]] missions; the only exceptions have been suborbital test flights such as the early [[Project Mercury]] missions (which did not reach LEO), and the [[Project Apollo]] missions to the Moon (which went beyond LEO). |
| − | Most artificial [[satellite]]s are placed in LEO, where they travel at about 27,400 km/h (8 km/s), making one revolution in about 90 minutes. The primary exception are [[communication satellites]] that require geostationary orbit. However, it requires less energy to place a satellite into a LEO and the satellite needs less powerful transmitters for data transfer, so LEO is still used for many communication applications. Because these orbits are not geostationary, a network of satellites is required to provide continuous coverage. Lower orbits also aid [[remote sensing]] satellites because of the added detail that can be gained. | + | Most artificial [[satellite]]s are placed in LEO, where they travel at about 27,400 km/h (8 km/s), making one revolution in about 90 minutes. The primary exception are [[communication satellites]] that require geostationary orbit. However, it requires less energy to place a satellite into a LEO and the satellite needs less powerful transmitters for data transfer, so '''LEO''' is still used for many communication applications. Because these orbits are not geostationary, a network of satellites is required to provide continuous coverage. Lower orbits also aid [[remote sensing]] satellites because of the added detail that can be gained. |
| − | The LEO environment is becoming congested, not least with [[space junk]]. The [[United States Space Command]] tracks more than 8,000 objects larger than 10cm in LEO. | + | The LEO environment is becoming congested, not least with [[space junk]]. The [[United States Space Command]] tracks more than 8,000 objects larger than 10cm in '''LEO'''. |
| − | Although [[gravity]] in LEO is not much less than on the surface of the Earth (it reduces 1% every 30 km), people and objects in orbit experience [[weightlessness]] | + | Although [[gravity]] in LEO is not much less than on the surface of the [[Earth]] (it reduces 1% every 30 km), people and objects in orbit experience [[weightlessness]]. |
| − | Atmospheric and gravity drag associated with launch typically add 1,500-2,000 m/s to the [[delta-V]] required to reach normal LEO orbital velocity of 7,800 m/s. | + | [[atmosphere|Atmospheric]] and [[gravity]] [[drag]] associated with launch typically add 1,500-2,000 m/s to the [[delta-V]] required to reach normal '''LEO''' orbital [[velocity]] of 7,800 m/s. |
Revision as of 00:54, 26 July 2005
A low Earth orbit (LEO) is a circular orbit around Earth between the atmosphere and the Van Allen radiation belt, with a low angle of inclination. These boundaries are not firmly defined, but are typically around 350 - 1400 km above the Earth's surface, with inclination angles less than 60 degrees from the equator. This is generally below intermediate circular orbit (ICO) and far below geostationary orbit. Orbits lower than this are not stable, and will decay rapidly because of atmospheric drag. Orbits higher than this are subject to early electronic failure because of intense radiation and charge accumulation. Orbits with a higher inclination angle are usually called polar orbits.
Objects in low earth orbit encounter atmospheric gases in the thermosphere (approximately 80-500 km up) or exosphere (approximately 500 km and up), depending on orbit height.
Most manned spaceflights have been in LEO, including all Space Shuttle and various space station missions; the only exceptions have been suborbital test flights such as the early Project Mercury missions (which did not reach LEO), and the Project Apollo missions to the Moon (which went beyond LEO).
Most artificial satellites are placed in LEO, where they travel at about 27,400 km/h (8 km/s), making one revolution in about 90 minutes. The primary exception are communication satellites that require geostationary orbit. However, it requires less energy to place a satellite into a LEO and the satellite needs less powerful transmitters for data transfer, so LEO is still used for many communication applications. Because these orbits are not geostationary, a network of satellites is required to provide continuous coverage. Lower orbits also aid remote sensing satellites because of the added detail that can be gained.
The LEO environment is becoming congested, not least with space junk. The United States Space Command tracks more than 8,000 objects larger than 10cm in LEO.
Although gravity in LEO is not much less than on the surface of the Earth (it reduces 1% every 30 km), people and objects in orbit experience weightlessness.
Atmospheric and gravity drag associated with launch typically add 1,500-2,000 m/s to the delta-V required to reach normal LEO orbital velocity of 7,800 m/s.